The history of Western arts is reduced largely to history of European arts from the Middle Ages and the classical Greco-Roman arts; and the beginning of arts history with the civilizations that are considered precedents (Egypt and the Middle East). The artistic manifestations of earlier times in Europe and the Mediterranean basin are very different, because although some are very distant in time and have a great cultural distance (prehistoric arts); other non (reclaimed wood wall art).
The painters then passed to increase the realism ofir work using the new techniques of perspective (recently rediscovered and well developed), representing a more realistic three dimensions. The manipulation of light and and shadow, present in work of Ticciano with contrasting tones, was performed excellently by chiaroscuro techniques developed by Leonardo da Vinci. The sculptors also rediscover many ancient techniques.
In antiquity, arts was associated with the formal requirements of religious rituals: most of monuments and elements with undeniable arts value that have survived (painting, sculpture, architecture), were intended to symbolize the royal power and myths celestial world. This view of arts is especially between the Egyptians and Babylonians. In Egyptian arts is a celebration of eternal life, manifesting in early days the idea that Pharaoh was still living after his physical death. In Egypt, from the earliest dynasties, Pharaoh was conceived as responsible for Maat, Universal Order and Justice, and this will be reflected in arts.
The arts during the Middle Ages was almost exclusively linked to religion, specifically Christianity. During this period, in which the vast majority of farmers were illiterate, visual arts were the primary means of communicating religious ideas with sermons. The Catholic Church was one of few institutions rich enough to pay for the work of arts, and therefore most of works of this period were religious in nature (conditioning the emergence of what is known as sacred arts).
Since the fall of Roman Empire, many of arts techniques of ancient Greece were lost, leading to medieval painting to be mostly two dimensional. As there was no notion of perspective in arts, the people portrayed were older or younger painted according to their importance. Along with painting, tapestry was the most important form of medieval arts, considering that the tapestries were necessary to keep the heat inside the castle (built in stone) during winter. The most famous medieval tapestry is the cycle The Lady and the Unicorn.
The two main architectural styles (mainly related to construction of cathedrals) were the Romanesque and Gothic. The Romanesque is characterized by thick walls and massive structures, just lightened by openings. The Gothic, characterized by buildings of greater height and with a large number of openings, marked the emergence of new building techniques, being able to dispense with thick walls through the use of vaults in which the rib structure is independent from cloths.
Ideally, for the Greeks, was represented by the perfection of nature, in this way, arts must be perfect. Therefore, according to classical view, arts is an imitation of nature, but is not reduced to a simple portrait of her, but seeks an ideal and universal nature. The search for this universal ideal of nature is, for classical arts, the quest for universal beauty, for nature, being perfect, is beautiful. There is no separation, according to this view, arts, science, mathematics and philosophy: all human knowledge is aimed at the pursuit of perfection.
As time passed, many arts were demonstrating contrary to ornamentalism of previous styles, and seek to return to prior arts, simpler, Renaissance, forming the style that will be known as Neoclassicism. The neoclassical was the arts component of intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment, which was equally idealistic. Ingres, Canova and Jacques-Louis David are among the best known neoclassical. In architecture theorists will adopt new forms of Roman and Renaissance arts, but defending the rationality and functionality of buildings and discarding the dynamism and ornamental elements that had characterized the previous stage. Another feature of neoclassical architecture is its monumentality, used in order to compare the kingdoms and empires of time with the grandeur of Roman Empire.
The painters then passed to increase the realism ofir work using the new techniques of perspective (recently rediscovered and well developed), representing a more realistic three dimensions. The manipulation of light and and shadow, present in work of Ticciano with contrasting tones, was performed excellently by chiaroscuro techniques developed by Leonardo da Vinci. The sculptors also rediscover many ancient techniques.
In antiquity, arts was associated with the formal requirements of religious rituals: most of monuments and elements with undeniable arts value that have survived (painting, sculpture, architecture), were intended to symbolize the royal power and myths celestial world. This view of arts is especially between the Egyptians and Babylonians. In Egyptian arts is a celebration of eternal life, manifesting in early days the idea that Pharaoh was still living after his physical death. In Egypt, from the earliest dynasties, Pharaoh was conceived as responsible for Maat, Universal Order and Justice, and this will be reflected in arts.
The arts during the Middle Ages was almost exclusively linked to religion, specifically Christianity. During this period, in which the vast majority of farmers were illiterate, visual arts were the primary means of communicating religious ideas with sermons. The Catholic Church was one of few institutions rich enough to pay for the work of arts, and therefore most of works of this period were religious in nature (conditioning the emergence of what is known as sacred arts).
Since the fall of Roman Empire, many of arts techniques of ancient Greece were lost, leading to medieval painting to be mostly two dimensional. As there was no notion of perspective in arts, the people portrayed were older or younger painted according to their importance. Along with painting, tapestry was the most important form of medieval arts, considering that the tapestries were necessary to keep the heat inside the castle (built in stone) during winter. The most famous medieval tapestry is the cycle The Lady and the Unicorn.
The two main architectural styles (mainly related to construction of cathedrals) were the Romanesque and Gothic. The Romanesque is characterized by thick walls and massive structures, just lightened by openings. The Gothic, characterized by buildings of greater height and with a large number of openings, marked the emergence of new building techniques, being able to dispense with thick walls through the use of vaults in which the rib structure is independent from cloths.
Ideally, for the Greeks, was represented by the perfection of nature, in this way, arts must be perfect. Therefore, according to classical view, arts is an imitation of nature, but is not reduced to a simple portrait of her, but seeks an ideal and universal nature. The search for this universal ideal of nature is, for classical arts, the quest for universal beauty, for nature, being perfect, is beautiful. There is no separation, according to this view, arts, science, mathematics and philosophy: all human knowledge is aimed at the pursuit of perfection.
As time passed, many arts were demonstrating contrary to ornamentalism of previous styles, and seek to return to prior arts, simpler, Renaissance, forming the style that will be known as Neoclassicism. The neoclassical was the arts component of intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment, which was equally idealistic. Ingres, Canova and Jacques-Louis David are among the best known neoclassical. In architecture theorists will adopt new forms of Roman and Renaissance arts, but defending the rationality and functionality of buildings and discarding the dynamism and ornamental elements that had characterized the previous stage. Another feature of neoclassical architecture is its monumentality, used in order to compare the kingdoms and empires of time with the grandeur of Roman Empire.
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